New citations for our products published in January 2023
Chondrex, Inc. is excited to introduce new citations for our products published in January 2023.Please refer to the following articles as references for your studies.Cat#ProductArticle Title2022T Cell Grade Bovine Type II CollagenPulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Treatment Ameliorates Murine Model of Collag….7001Complete Freund's AdjuvantA green-lipped mussel prevents rheumatoid arthritis via regulation of inflammato….7001Complete Freund's AdjuvantPeptide-anchored neutrophil membrane-coated biomimetic nanodrug for targeted... Read More
New Mouse Anti-House Dust Mite Der p2 Antibody ELISA Kits
House dust mite (HDM) is one of the most common asthma allergens, affecting up to 85% of asthma patients (1). More than 20 types of HDM allergens in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) are defined based on sequential and functional homologies. Among these HDM allergens, group 2 (Der p2) is a myeloid differentiation factor 2-related lipid-recognition protein. Der p2 can activate... Read More
New Mouse IgE Antibodies against Peanut Allergens for In-vivo and In-vitro Studies
New Mouse IgE Antibodies against Peanut Allergens for In-vivo and In-vitro Studies Read More
Anti-inflammatory DEL-1 in Mouse Arthritis Models
DEL-1 is a protein known to regulate inflammatory cell recruitment and acts as an anti-inflammatory. The research group tested the effects of DEL-1 in collagen and antibody induced arthritis models. The group found that there was a significant difference in arthritis outcome between DEL-1 overexpression (animals are protected from arthritis) to control mice. In addition, if the mice are deficient from DEL-1, arthritis is exacerbated. DEL-1 could be an important protein for therapeutic treatment of arthritis. Read More
Journal Club #11: Elovanoids as a Potential Anti-Allergen in an In Vitro HDM Model
HNEpC were challenged with different stressors or HDM extract for 30 minutes, after which they were then treated with elovanoids. Cytotoxicity, cell viability, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the cell supernatant were evaluated. The study concluded that the HDM challenge in the cellular experimental allergy model induced expression of several key cytokines and chemokines linked to respiratory diseases and the treatment with elovanoids reduced cell toxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels while increasing cell viability and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. Overall, elovanoids might constitute a therapeutic option in the prevention and treatment of allergies to HDM. Read More
Journal Club #10: The Roles of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in Arthritis-Induced Pain in the Collagen-Antibody Induced Arthritis Model
The collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) model was used for investigating if blockade of peripheral HMGB1 attenuates pain-like behavior in a sex-dependent fashion. Both male and female CAIA mice revealed high HMGB1 mRNA levels in the ankle joints. Administering HMGB1 neutralizing antibodies failed to reduce arthritis severity in both male and female mice; however, it did significantly reverse CAIA-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in male mice. In addition, the differences in responses between sexes were evaluated by measuring cytokine levels (TNF, IL-6, CXCL1 and CXCL2) from cultured macrophages treated with HMGB1 and cytokine mRNA levels (TNF, IL-1b, IL-6, CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL2) in paws which received HMGB1. Read More
Journal Club #9: Evaluating Decellularized ECM Hydrogels to Support Brain Organoid Culture
The effectiveness of decellularization (DC) process in removing cells from the ECM by chemical, physical, and enzymatical methods were investigated using several assays. DC protocols were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing blood and other soluble materials and optimized after comparing combinations of DNA-removing enzymes with different detergents such as SDS, Triton X, and sodium deoxycholate (SDC). SDC proved to be the most suitable DC detergent after evaluating the quantified collagen and GAG levels in the decellularized ECMs. Read More
Journal Club #8: The Role of Epitope Retrieval in the Production of Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Antibodies in the Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Model
The anti-alpha3(IV)NC1 mAb failed to bind to the GBM and the basement membrane of Bowman’s capsules in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal kidney sections without antigen retrieval using immunohistochemistry. However, the mAb bound to retrieved antigens which received heat treatment under acidic conditions, a treatment of proteases from S. griseus or neutrophil elastase, but not with heat treatment under neutral conditions and alkaline conditions. This suggests that ANCA activated neutrophils may digest type IV collagen and expose α3(IV)NC1 as an antigen which then induces production of anti-GBM antibodies. Read More
Journal Club #7: Characterizing the Gastrointestinal (GI) Abnormalities in the Mouse Dystonia Musculorum (DSTdt) Model for Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy Type VI (HSAN-VI)
Mutation of dystonin gene in mice induces hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type VI (HSAN-VI) which leads to abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract and enteric nervous system. These can result in an imbalance of the autonomic control over the gut, but do not affect intracellular transportation of D-Xylose. The mouse model of HSAN-VI can elucidate and further characterize the human disease and determine potential treatments for symptom relief. Read More
Journal Club #6: DPP-4 Inhibition can Improve the Resolution of Glomerular Injury in a Rat Glomerular Nephritis Model
DPP-4 inhibitor preventive treatments in nephritic rats significantly reduced the number of crescents, glomerulosclerosis, tubular injury, and renal fibrosis compared with that of untreated nephritic rats. In the short-term group (7-14 days), the DPPâ€4 inhibition significantly reduced proteinuria and serum urea levels by Day 14 (therapeutic). On the other hand, in the longâ€term group (3-8 weeks), the DPPâ€4 inhibition resulted in 25% lower proteinuria levels by the 3-5 weeks timepoint (preventative). Furthermore, DPP-4 function and glomeruli fibrosis histology were evaluated by measuring serum chemokine levels and Sirius Red staining, respectively. Read More
Journal Club #5: Osteochondral Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Biodegradable Zinc Oxide Scaffolds as Confirmed by Analyzing Type I and Type II Collagen Production
Mesenchymal stem cells cultured on 2.5% ZnO composite scaffold produced the highest type II collagen indicating a mature marker of hyaline cartilage, and low type I collagen associating with immature chondrocytes. In addition to collagen analysis, the ECM were analyzed with cell numbers, glycosaminoglycan levels, as well as several gene expression. Read More
Journal Club #4: Evaluating the Neutralizing Immune Response in SARS-CoV-2 Infection By Serological Assays
Antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) in ELISA and Plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) were analyzed in the serum of 150 patients. The results show viral infection elicits robust neutralizing antibody titers in most individuals which last beyond 6 months. Read More
Journal Club #3: Interleukin-4 Receptor alpha Subunit Deficiency Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation in a Mouse Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis Model by Enhancing the Intestinal Mucosal Barrier
Interleukin-4 receptor α subunit knockout mice showed alleviated intestinal inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model compared to wild-type mice. The remission of disease activities was caused by an improved intestinal mucosal barrier function as evaluated with FITC-Dextran (4kDa). Read More
Journal Club #2: Exosomes From Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Can Expedite ECM Development as Confirmed by Analyzing GAG and Collagen Production levels
Extracellular vesicles from human mesenchymal stem cells which express CD9 and CD63 can expedite chondrogenesis in early-stage 3D human degenerative disc cell cultures. This was confirmed by increased levels of glycosaminoglycan and total collagen production and cell maturation markers such as IL-6 and IL-8 in the culture media. Read More
Journal Club #1: Evaluating Immune Responses in a Mouse House Dust Mite (HDM)-induced Asthma Model Using Mouse Anti-HDMÂ Antibody Assays.
Prophylactic effects of five different Lactobacillus casei strains on house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma were individually evaluated by assaying for anti-HDM IgG1 and IgE levels responsible for the Th2 reaction, and IgG2b levels responsible for the Th1 reaction using anti-HDM antibody assay kits. Read More
Cytokine & Chemokines in Disease: Allergies
Cytokines and chemokines are key modulators of immune responses and play diverse roles in inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of specific cytokines and chemokines in allergies and hypersensitivity reactions. Read More
Cytokines & Chemokines in Disease: Cancer
Cytokines and chemokines are key modulators of immune responses and play diverse roles in inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of specific cytokines and chemokines in cancer and tumor metastasis. Read More
Cytokines & Chemokines in Disease: Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Nephritis
Cytokines and chemokines are key modulators of immune responses and play diverse roles in inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of specific cytokines and chemokines in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and membranous nephropathy/nephritis. Read More
Cytokines & Chemokines in Disease: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cytokines and chemokines are key modulators of immune responses and play diverse roles in inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the role of specific cytokines and chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Read More
Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Disease Development
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are primarily responsible for the physiological and pathological turnover of tissues throughout the body. While normally expressed in low levels in tissues of healthy adults, MMPs are up-regulated at sites of tissues damage to facilitate tissue repair. Additionally, several disease states, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer, also have increased MMP activity. This blog discusses the various MMPs in the progression of those diseases. Read More