The contamination of water and food by pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins is a serious issue for human health and safety (1, 2). Especially, enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are highly stable, meaning pathological activity remains even after exposure to sterilization techniques and digestive proteases. Among the SEs, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and B (SEB) cause enteritis and food poisoning, together with may involve in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-related diseases (4), such as atopic dermatitis (3, 5), food allergies (6,7), colitis (8, 9), arthritis (6, 10-12), and systemic lupus erythematosus (6, 13).
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer-membrane in gram-negative bacteria. While the main role of LPS is to maintain the integrity of the bacteria envelope, LPS also binds to the CD14/TLR4/MD2 receptor complex on many cell types (14-15), such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine release from these cells (16). This activation of the innate immune response causes inflammation which may play important roles in obesity and chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohns Disease, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Ulcerative Colitis, and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Translocation of bacteria toxins from intestinal flora may also trigger the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (17-18).
While these antibody ELISA kits against environmental factors are useful as immune function evaluation tools, several considerations must be addressed before establishing study protocols. Here we would like to share these considerations to help users better choose kits and interpret results.
Bacterial Toxin Detection Kits
Product | Catalog # | Price (USD) | |
---|---|---|---|
LPS Detection Kit | 6039 | 417.00 | |
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A (SEA) Detection Kit | 6029 | 389.00 | |
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) Detection Kit | 6030 | 389.00 |
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9. J. Lu, A. Wang, S. Ansari, R. M. Hershberg, D. M. McKay, Colonic bacterial superantigens evoke an inflammatory response and exaggerate disease in mice recovering from colitis. Gastroenterology 125, 1785-1795 (2003).
10. P. H. Wooley, B. Cingel, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B increases the severity of type II collagen induced arthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 54, 298-304 (1995).
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13. D. E. Scott, W. J. Kisch, A. D. Steinberg, Studies of T cell deletion and T cell anergy following in vivo administration of SEB to normal and lupus-prone mice. J Immunol 150, 664-672 (1993).