Anti-Acute Phase Protein (APPs)/ Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Antibodies

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are blood proteins that are an integral part of acute phase responses (APR).  The APR is a part of the innate host defense system which is triggered by tissue damage and inflammation caused by infectious, immunologic, or neoplastic agents.  Of the well-characterized APPs, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) show significantly elevated levels after inflammatory irritation, surgical trauma, or inflammatory diseases, and are used as routine markers to evaluate inflammation in many diseases. (1-9)

NETs are composed of DNA and various proteins, including neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin G, and the calprotectin protein complex (S100A8/A9).  Among these, MPO-DNA and NE-DNA complexes are commonly used as target molecules for the detection of NETs through immunological assays (10). NETs act as scaffolds that trap microorganisms, bringing them into close proximity with antimicrobial compounds. This mechanism helps in preventing the spread of microbes while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues (11).

Anti-APPs/NETs Antibodies

	Product	Catalog #	Price (USD)
	Mouse Anti-Canine CRP IgG Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 4D3C1	7110	260.00
	Mouse Anti-DNA IgM Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 2H6G7	7115	260.00
	Mouse Anti-Feline SAA IgG Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 8C6C10	7111	260.00
	Mouse Anti-Human Neutrophil Elastase IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 2D8B4	7163	260.00
	Mouse Anti-Mouse Myeloperoxidase (MPO) IgG3 Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 3B6A10	7159	260.00
	Mouse Anti-Mouse Myeloperoxidase (MPO) IgM Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 8B3A6	7160	260.00
	Rat Anti-Mouse S100A8 IgG2a Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 3B9C9	7164	260.00
	Rat Anti-Mouse S100A9 IgG2a Monoclonal Antibody, Clone 8A8B9	7165	260.00

References

1. J. G. Conner, P. D. Eckersall, J. Ferguson, T. A. Douglas, Acute phase response in the dog following surgical trauma. Res Vet Sci 45, 107-110 (1988).
2. M. Nakamura , M. Takahashi, K. Ohno, A. Koshino, K. Nakashima, et al., C-reactive protein concentration in dogs with various diseases. J Vet Med Sci 70, 127-131 (2008).
3. S. Yamamoto, S. Miyabi, N. Abe, K. Otabe, E. Furukawa, et al., Canine C-reactive protein (CRP) does not share common antigenicity with human CRP. Vet Res Commun 17, 259-266 (1993).
4. M. Kjelgaard-Hansen, A. L. Jensen, G. A. Houser, L. R. Jessen, A. T. Kristensen, Use of serum C-reactive protein as an early marker of inflammatory activity in canine type II immune-mediated polyarthritis: case report. Acta Vet Scand 48, 9 (2006).
5. A. Hillström, J. Bylin, R. Hagman, K. Björhall, H. Tvedten, et al., Measurement of serum C-reactive protein concentration for discriminating between suppurative arthritis and osteoarthritis in dogs. BMC Vet Res 12, 240 (2016).
6. R. D. Ye, L. Sun, Emerging functions of serum amyloid A in inflammation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 98, 923-929 (2015).
7. K. Sasaki et al., Evaluation of feline serum amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory marker. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65, 545-548 (2003).
8. T. Tamamoto, K. Ohno, A. Ohmi, Y. Goto-Koshino, H. Tsujimoto, Verification of measurement of the feline serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration by human SAA turbidimetric immunoassay and its clinical application. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 70, 1247-1252 (2008).
9. T. Tamamoto et al., Serum amyloid A as a prognostic marker in cats with various diseases. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 25, 428-432 (2013).

10. A. U. Morales-Primo, I. Becker, J. Zamora-Chimal, Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated molecules: a review on their immunophysiological and inflammatory roles. Int. Rev. Immunol. 41, 253–274 (2022).

11. A. T. P. Ngo, K. Gollomp, Building a better NET: Neutrophil extracellular trap targeted therapeutics in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory disorders. Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost. 6, e12808 (2022).